note making passages for class 12 with answers pdf

But the Gini index gives users no sense of the root causes of inequality, which are complex and multiple. Countries are typically assessed using the Gini index, which measures the distribution of income and wealth, and ranks a country between zero (absolute equality) and one (absolute inequality).Ħ. Inequality is notoriously difficult to measure. Despite having experienced strong growth for many years since the turn of the millennium, one in 10 Nigerian children still die before their fifth birthday, and an estimated 112 million people live in povertyĥ.

Sweden is named the country most committed to reducing inequality, and Nigeria – Africa’s richest country by GDP – the least committed of the 152 countries ranked.

Overall, Britain is ranked 17th in the new index.Ĥ. This discrepancy mirrors a global trend: low-income countries tend to have more progressive tax structures but fewer resources to enforce them, while the inverse is true for highincome countries. While Britain’s tax structure is ranked only 96th in the new inequality index, it rises to 33rd on tax overall because of its relatively robust ability to collect tax revenues. (As a benchmark, achievement of the UN’s sustainable development goals for education is calculated to require a 20% spend.)ģ. In 2014, the UK government spent 11.78% of its budget on education, while Zimbabwe, which came top, spent almost three times this amount. Britain is ranked only 109th for the proportion of budget it spends on education – just below Kazakhstan and Cambodia. Researchers at Oxfam and Development Finance International have spent a year investigating 18 indicators across three policy areas that have a key impact on levels of inequality: taxation, social spending on sectors such as health, welfare and education, and labour rights.Ģ. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow: Which countries are the most (and least) committed to reducing inequality?ġ.

Note making passages for class 12 with answers pdf